I know you said the disk was working with the prior OS installation, but these do all sound like problems reading the disk. In particular, that last message from grub is pretty specific.
Do you have another disk or SSD you can try, at least temporarily to narrow down where we should troubleshoot?
Could you check the SMART data from the disk (e.g. with gsmartcontrol from a live boot) to see if it is reporting errors or indicators that it’s failing?