First you can do systemctl status ModemManager and from the output there you can see where the ModemManager.service file is located, something like /usr/lib/systemd/system/ModemManager.service
Then you can edit that ModemManager.service file, find the line that looks like this:
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/ModemManager
and change that line so that it looks like this:
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/ModemManager --debug
Then reboot. After that, you should see lots of ModemManager debug output in the log shown by the journalctl command.
See HKS not working properly on Librem 5 (L5) - #2 by Skalman
(Another way of debugging (an alternative to the above) is to stop the ModemManager service altogether and then instead simply run the command ModemManager --debug manually from the commandline. Then you get the debug output right there, in your face.)